38194-50-2 Usage
Uses
1. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Sulindac is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent for relieving weak to moderate pain in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It is also used to treat ankylosing spondylitis.
2. Used in Colorectal Cancer Prevention:
Sulindac has an extensive epidemiology documenting reduced human colorectal cancer. In murine models, it was found to inhibit the enzymatic activity of polyp-associated COX-2 and downregulate the expression of colonic COX-2 protein to control levels.
Chemical Properties:
Sulindac is a yellow crystalline solid and is available under the brand name Clinoril (Merck).
Additional Information:
The parent sulfoxide has a plasma half-life of 8 hours, and the active methyl sulfide metabolite has a half-life of 16.4 hours.
Sulindac is believed to have minimal nephrotoxicity associated with indomethacin due to the more polar and inactive sulfoxide being virtually the only form excreted into the renal tubules.
The long half-life of sulindac is caused by the extensive enterohepatic circulation and reactivation of the inactive sulfoxide excreted.
Coadministration of aspirin is contraindicated as it considerably reduces the sulfide blood levels.
Careful monitoring of patients with a history of ulcers is recommended.
Gastric bleeding, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and other adverse effects have been noted with sulindac, but with a lower frequency than with aspirin.
Used in Particular Diseases
Acute Gouty Arthritis:
Dosage and Frequency:?200 mg twice daily for 7–10 days
Originator
Imbaral,Sharp and Dohme ,W. Germany,1976
Indications
Sulindac (Clinoril) is chemically related to indomethacin
and is generally used for the same indications.
It is a prodrug that is metabolized to an active sulfide
metabolite and an inactive metabolite. The most
frequently reported side effects are GI pain, nausea, diarrhea,
and constipation. The incidence of these effects
is lower than for indomethacin, presumably because
sulindac is a prodrug and thus the active metabolite is
not highly concentrated at the gastric mucosa. As with
indomethacin, a rather high incidence of CNS side effects
(dizziness, headache) also occurs.
Manufacturing Process
The following process sequence is described in US Patent 3,654,349:p-Fluoro-α-Methylcinnamic Acid: 200 grams (1.61 mols) pfluorobenzaldehyde,
3.5 grams (2.42 mols) propionic anhydride and 155
grams (1.61 mols) sodium propionate are mixed in a 1 liter three-necked flask
which had been flushed with nitrogen. The flask is heated gradually in an oilbath
to 140°C. After 20 hours the flask is cooled to 100°C and the contents
are poured into 8 liters of water. The precipitate is dissolved by adding 302
grams potassium hydroxide in 2 liters of water. The aqueous solution is
extracted with ether, and the ether extracts washed with potassium hydroxide
solution. The combined aqueous layers are filtered, acidified with concentrated
HCl, filtered and the collected solid washed with water, thereby producing pfluoro-
α-methylcinnamic acid which is used as obtained.p-Fluoro-α-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid: To 177.9 grams (0.987 mol) p-fluoro-α-
methylcinnamic acid in 3.6 liters ethanol is added 11.0 grams of 5% Pd/C and
the mixture reduced at room temperature under a hydrogen pressure of 40
psi. Uptake is 31/32 pounds (97% of theoretical). After filtering the catalyst,
the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to give the product p-fluoro-α-
methylhydrocinnamic acid used without weighing in next step.6-Fluoro-2-Methylindanone: To 932 grams polyphosphoric acid at 70°C on the
steam bath is added 93.2 grams (0.5 mol) p-fluoro-α-methylhydrocinnamic
acid slowly with stirring. This temperature is gradually raised to 95°C and the
mixture kept at this temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is allowed to cool
and added to 2 liters of water. The aqueous layer is extracted with ether, the
ether solution washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, 5%
Na2CO3 solution, water, and then dried. The ether filtrate is concentrated with
200 grams silica-gel, and added to a five pound silica-gel column packed with
5% ether-petroleum ether. The column is eluted with 5 to 10% etherpetroleum
ether and followed by TLC to give 6-fluoro-2-methylindanone.5-Fluoro-2-Methylindene-3-Acetic Acid: A mixture of 18.4 grams (0.112 mol)
of 6-fluoro2-methylindanone, 10.5 grams (0.123 mol) cyanacetic acid, 6.6
grams acetic acid and 1.7 grams ammonium acetate in 15.5 ml dry toluene is
refluxed with stirring for 21 hours, as the liberated water is collected in a
Dean Stark trap. The toluene is concentrated and the residue dissolved in 60
ml of hot ethanol and 14 ml of 2.2 N aqueous potassium hydroxide solution.
22 grams of 85% KOH in 150 ml of water is added and the mixture refluxed
for 13 hours under N2. The ethanol is removed under vacuum, 500 ml water
added, the aqueous solution washed well with ether and then boiled with
charcoal. The aqueous filtrate is acidified to pH 2 with 50% hydrochloric acid,
cooled and the precipitate collected in this way dried 5-fluoro-2-methylindenyl-
3-acetic acid (MP 164° to 166°C) is obtained.5-Fluoro-2-Methyl-1-(p-Methylthiobenzylidene)-3-Indenylacetic Acid: 15 grams
(0.072 mol) 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-indenylacetic acid, 14.0 grams (0.091 mol)
p-methylthiobenzaldehyde and 13.0 grams (0.24 mol) sodium methoxide are
heated in 200 ml methanol at 60°C under nitrogen with stirring for 6 hours.
After cooling the reaction mixture is poured into 750 milliliters of ice-water,
acidified with 2.5 N hydrochloric acid and the collected solid triturated with a
little ether to produce 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(p-methylthiobenzylidene)-3-
indenylacetic acid (MP 187° to 188.2°C).5-Fluoro-2-Methyl-1-(p-Methylsulfinylbenzylidene)-3-Indenylacetic Acid: To a
solution of 3.4 grams (0.01 mol) 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(pmethylthiobenzylidene)-
3-indenylacetic acid in a 250 ml mixture of methanol
and 100 ml acetone is added a solution of 3.8 grams (0.018 mol) of sodium
periodate in 50 ml water with stirring.450 ml water is added after 18 hours and the organic solvents removed under
vacuum below 30°C. The precipitated product is filtered, dried and
recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(pmethylsulfinylbenzylidene)-
3-indenylacetic acid. Upon repeated
recrystallization from ethylacetate there is obtained cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-
(p-methylsulfinylbenzylidene)-3-indenylacetic acid (MP 184° to 186°C).
Therapeutic Function
Antiinflammatory
Biological Activity
Prodrug. Metabolizes to sulindac sulfide, a cyclooxgenase inhibitor that represses ras signaling, and sulindac sulfone, an antitumor agent, following oral administration in vivo . Widely used anti-inflammatory agent.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory; preferential inhibitor of COX-1.
Pharmacokinetics
Sulindac is well absorbed on oral administration (90%), reaches peak plasma levels within 2 to 4 hours, and being
acidic (pKa = 4.5), is highly bound to serum proteins (93%). The metabolism of sulindac plays a major role in its
actions, because all of the pharmacological activity is associated with its major metabolite. Sulindac is, in fact, a
pro-drug, the sulfoxide function being reduced to the active sulfide metabolite. Sulindac is absorbed as the sulfoxide,
which is not an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the GI tract. Prostaglandins exert a
protective effect in the GI tract, and inhibition of their synthesis here leads to many of the GI side effects noted for
most NSAIDs. Once sulindac enters the circulatory system, it is reduced to the sulfide, which is an inhibitor of
prostaglandin biosynthesis in the joints. Thus, sulindac produces less GI side effects, such as bleeding, ulcerations,
and so on, than indomethacin and many other NSAIDs. In addition, the active metabolite has a plasma half-life
approximately twice that of the parent compound (～16 hours versus 8 hours), which favorably affects the dosing
schedule. In addition to the sulfide metabolite, sulindac is oxidized to the corresponding sulfone, which is inactive. A
minor product results from hydroxylation of the benzylidene function and the methyl group at the 2-position.
Glucuronides of several metabolites also are found. Sulindac as well as the sulfide and the sulfone metabolites are
all highly protein-bound. Despite the fact that the sulfide metabolite is a major activation product and is found in high
concentration in human plasma, it is not found in human urine, perhaps because of its high degree of protein binding.
Clinical Use
Sulindac is indicated for long-term use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis,
and acute gouty arthritis. The usual maximum dosage is 400 mg/day, with starting doses recommended at 150 mg
twice a day. It is recommended that sulindac be administered with food.
Side effects
Whereas the toxicity of sulindac is lower than that observed for indomethacin and other NSAIDs, the spectrum of
adverse reactions is very similar. The most frequent side effects reported are associated with irritation of the GI tract
(e.g., nausea, dyspepsia, and diarrhea), although these effects generally are mild. Effects on the CNS (e.g.,
dizziness and headache) are less common. Dermatological effects are less frequently encountered.
Synthesis
Sulindac, 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[n-(methylsulfinyl)benzyliden]inden-3-acetic acid
(3.2.67) is synthesized in a multi-step synthesis from n-fluorobenzaldehyde, which upon condensation with propionic acid anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate gives 4-fluoro-α-
methylcinnamic acid (3.2.62). Reduction of the double bond by hydrogene using a palladium
on carbon catalyst gives 4-fluoro-α-methyldihydrocinnamic acid (3.2.63). In the presence of
polyphosphoric acid, the resulting product undergoes cyclization to 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-
indanone (3.2.64). The resulting ketone undergoes a Knoevenagel reaction with cyanoacetic
acid and is further decarboxylated into 5-fluoro-2-methyliden-3-acetic acid (3.2.65).
Condensation of the product with n-mercaptobenzaldehyde in the presence of sodium
methoxide gives 5-fluoro- 2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzyliden)-3-indenacetic acid (3.2.66),
and the sulfur atom is oxidized by sodium periodate into the desired sulfoxide (3.2.67),
sulindac [119–122].
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II antagonists:
antagonism of hypotensive effect; increased risk of
nephrotoxicity and hyperkalaemia.
Analgesics: avoid concomitant use of 2 or more
NSAIDs, including aspirin (increased side effects);
avoid with ketorolac (increased risk of side effects
and haemorrhage).
Antibacterials: possibly increased risk of convulsions
with quinolones.
Anticoagulants: effects of coumarins and
phenindione enhanced; possibly increased risk of
bleeding with heparins, dabigatran and edoxaban -
avoid long term use with edoxaban.
Antidepressants: increased risk of bleeding with
SSRIs and venlaflaxine.
Antidiabetic agents: effects of sulphonylureas
enhanced.
Antiepileptics: possibly increased phenytoin
concentration.
Antivirals: increased risk of haematological toxicity
with zidovudine; concentration possibly increased by
ritonavir.
Ciclosporin: may potentiate nephrotoxicity.
Cytotoxics: reduced excretion of methotrexate;
increased risk of bleeding with erlotinib.
Dimethyl sulfoxide: avoid concomitant use.
Diuretics: increased risk of nephrotoxicity;
antagonism of diuretic effect; hyperkalaemia with
potassium-sparing diuretics.
Lithium: excretion decreased.
Pentoxifylline: increased risk of bleeding.
Tacrolimus: increased risk of nephrotoxicity.
Metabolism
Sulindac is metabolised by reversible reduction to the
sulfide metabolite, which appears to be the active form,
and by irreversible oxidation to the sulfone metabolite.
About 50% is excreted in the urine mainly as the sulfone
metabolite and its glucuronide conjugate, with smaller
amounts of sulindac and its glucuronide conjugate; about
25% appears in the faeces, primarily as sulfone and sulfide
metabolites. Sulindac and its metabolites are also excreted
in bile and undergo extensive enterohepatic circulation.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 38194-50-2 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 3,8,1,9 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 5 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 38194-50:
(7*3)+(6*8)+(5*1)+(4*9)+(3*4)+(2*5)+(1*0)=132
132 % 10 = 2
So 38194-50-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C20H17FO3S/c1-12-17(9-13-3-6-15(7-4-13)25(2)24)16-8-5-14(21)10-19(16)18(12)11-20(22)23/h3-10H,11H2,1-2H3,(H,22,23)/b17-9+
38194-50-2Relevant articles and documents
The in vitro metabolism of phospho-sulindac amide, a novel potential anticancer agent
Xie, Gang,Cheng, Ka-Wing,Huang, Liqun,Rigas, Basil
, p. 249 - 255 (2014)
Phospho-sulindac amide (PSA) is a novel potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent. Here we report the metabolism of PSA in vitro. PSA was rapidly hydroxylated at its butane-phosphate moiety to form two di-hydroxyl-PSA and four mono-hydroxyl-PSA metabolites in mouse and human liver microsomes. PSA also can be oxidized or reduced at its sulindac moiety to form PSA sulfone and PSA sulfide, respectively. PSA was mono-hydroxylated and cleared more rapidly in mouse liver microsomes than in human liver microsomes. Of eight major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 exclusively catalyzed the hydroxylation and sulfoxidation reactions of PSA, respectively. We also examined the metabolism of PSA by three major human flavin monooxygenases (FMOs). FMO1, FMO3 and FMO5 were all capable of catalyzing the sulfoxidation (but not hydroxylation) of PSA, with FMO1 being by far the most active isoform. PSA was predominantly sulfoxidized in human kidney microsomes because FMO1 is the dominant isoform in human kidney. PSA (versus sulindac) is a preferred substrate of both CYPs and FMOs, likely because of its greater lipophilicity and masked-COOH group. Ketoconazole (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) and alkaline pH strongly inhibited the hydroxylation of PSA, but moderately suppressed its sulfoxidation in liver microsomes. Together, our results establish the metabolic pathways of PSA, identify the major enzymes mediating its biotransformations and reveal significant inter-species and inter-tissue differences in its metabolism.
Enantioselective synthesis of Sulindac
Maguire,Papot,Ford,Touhey,O'Connor,Clynes
, p. 41 - 44 (2001)
A highly enantioselective synthesis of Sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, is reported using the asymmetric Kagan sulfoxidation as key step.
Catalyst-free visible light-mediated selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides under clean conditions
Fan, Qiangwen,Zhu, Longwei,Li, Xuhuai,Ren, Huijun,Wu, Guorong,Zhu, Haibo,Sun, Wuji
supporting information, p. 7945 - 7949 (2021/11/01)
A facile and efficient visible-light-mediated method for directly converting sulfides into sulfoxides under clean conditions without using any photocatalysts is reported. This method exhibited favourable compatibility with functional groups and afforded a series of sulfoxides with high selectivity and yields. Moreover, in order to shed more light on such a transformation, detailed mechanism studies were carried out both experimentally and theoretically. The readily accessible, low-cost and eco-friendly nature of the developed method will endow it with attractive applications in chemical synthesis.
Integrating hydrogen production with anodic selective oxidation of sulfides over a CoFe layered double hydroxide electrode
Ma, Lina,Zhou, Hua,Xu, Ming,Hao, Peipei,Kong, Xianggui,Duan, Haohong
, p. 938 - 945 (2021/02/06)
Replacing the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with oxidation reactions for the synthesis of complex pharmaceutical molecules coupled with enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly attractive, but it is rarely explored. Here, we report an electrochemical protocol for selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides over a CoFe layered double hydroxide (CoFe-LDH) anode in an aqueous-MeCN electrolyte, coupled with 2-fold promoted cathodic H2productivity. This protocol displays high activity (85-96% yields), catalyst stability (10 cycles), and generality (12 examples) in selective sulfide oxidation. We demonstrate its applicability in the synthesis of four important pharmaceutical related sulfoxide compounds with scalability (up to 1.79 g). X-ray spectroscopy investigations reveal that the CoFe-LDH material evolved into amorphous CoFe-oxyhydroxide under catalytic conditions. This work may pave the way towards sustainable organic synthesis of valuable pharmaceuticals coupled with H2production.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel sulindac derivatives as partial agonists of PPARγ with potential anti-diabetic efficacy
Huang, Fengyu,Zeng, Zhiping,Zhang, Weidong,Yan, Zhiqiang,Chen, Jiayun,Yu, Liangfa,Yang, Qian,Li, Yihuan,Yu, Hongyu,Chen, Junjie,Wu, Caisheng,Zhang, Xiao-kun,Su, Ying,Zhou, Hu
, (2021/06/22)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a valuable drug target for diabetic treatment and ligands of PPARγ have shown potent anti-diabetic efficacy. However, to overcome the severe side effects of current PPARγ-targeted drugs, novel PPARγ ligands need to be developed. Sulindac, an identified ligand of PPARγ, is widely used in clinic as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. To explore its potential application for diabetes, we designed and synthesized a series of sulindac derivatives to investigate their structure-activity relationship as PPARγ ligand and potential anti-diabetic effect. We found that meta-substitution in sulindac's benzylidene moiety was beneficial to PPARγ binding and transactivation. Z rather than E configuration of the benzylidene double bond endowed derivatives with the selectivity of PPARγ activation. The indene fluorine is essential for binding and regulating PPARγ. Compared with rosiglitazone, compound 6b with benzyloxyl meta-substitution and Z benzylidene double bond weakly induced adipogenesis and PPARγ-targeted gene expression. However, 6b potently improved glucose tolerance in a diabetic mice model. Unlike rosiglitazone, 6b was devoid of apparent toxicity to osteoblastic formation. Thus, we provided some useful guidelines for PPARγ-based optimization of sulindac and an anti-diabetic lead compound with less side effects.
Green synthesis method of sulindac
-
, (2020/06/20)
The invention discloses a green synthesis method of sulindac and relates to the technical field of organic synthesis. The method comprises the following steps that: 6-fluoro-2-methyl indanone as a rawmaterial and cyanoacetic acid undergo a Knoevenagel reaction to obtain an intermediate 3, the intermediate 3 and p-methylthiobenzaldehyde undergo a Knoevenagel reaction to obtain an intermediate 4, the intermediate 4 undergoes a hydrolysis decarboxylation reaction to obtain an intermediate 5, and the intermediate 5 undergoes an oxidation reaction to obtain sulindac 1. Compared with an existing synthesis process, the process operation is greatly simplified, the raw material utilization rate and the process environmental protection property are improved, the total yield of sulindac reaches 80%or above, and the purity of sulindac reaches 99% or above.
Preparation method of 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetonitrile and sulindac
-
, (2020/07/02)
The invention provides a preparation method of 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetonitrile and sulindac, and relates to the technical field of medicines. The preparationmethod provided by the invention comprises the following steps: mixing 6-fluoro-2-methyl-1-indanone, cyanoacetic acid, a first organic solvent and an acetate catalyst to carry out a first condensationreaction so as to obtain a first condensation reaction solution, the first condensation reaction solution comprising 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-indene acetonitrile; and directly mixing the first condensation reaction solution with alkali, a second organic solvent and p-methylthiobenzaldehyde, and carrying out a second condensation reaction to obtain the 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetonitrile. According to the method, a one-pot method is adopted to shorten a synthesis route, separation of the 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-indene acetonitrile from a solvent is not needed, theprocess is simplified, and the yield of the 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetonitrile is increased.
Method for preparing sulindac
-
Paragraph 0040-0054, (2019/08/01)
The invention relates to the technical field of medicine composition and in particular relates to a method for preparing sulindac. The method comprises the following steps: mixing 5-fluorine-2-methyl-1-(4-methyl thiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetic acid, a photosensitizer, an oxidant and a reaction solvent, and carrying out an oxidation reaction under an ultraviolet radiation condition, therebyobtaining sulindac, wherein the 5-fluorine-2-methyl-1-(4-methyl thiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetic acid comprises an E-shaped isomer and a Z-shaped isomer. By adopting the method provided by the invention, the sulindac is prepared from the 5-fluorine-2-methyl-1-(4-methyl thiobenzene methylene)-3-indene acetic acid of the E-shaped isomer and the Z-shaped isomer as raw materials through the oxidation reaction directly, separation purification is avoided, and the operation is simple. Experiment results of the embodiment show that when the sulindac is prepared by using the method provided by the invention, the yield is up to 98.9%, the purity is greater than 99.5%, and the method has the advantages of being high in yield and good in purity.
Selective Late-Stage Oxygenation of Sulfides with Ground-State Oxygen by Uranyl Photocatalysis
Li, Yiming,Rizvi, S. Aal-e-Ali,Hu, Deqing,Sun, Danwen,Gao, Anhui,Zhou, Yubo,Li, Jia,Jiang, Xuefeng
supporting information, p. 13499 - 13506 (2019/08/21)
Oxygenation is a fundamental transformation in synthesis. Herein, we describe the selective late-stage oxygenation of sulfur-containing complex molecules with ground-state oxygen under ambient conditions. The high oxidation potential of the active uranyl cation (UO22+) enabled the efficient synthesis of sulfones. The ligand-to-metal charge transfer process (LMCT) from O 2p to U 5f within the O=U=O group, which generates a UV center and an oxygen radical, is assumed to be affected by the solvent and additives, and can be tuned to promote selective sulfoxidation. This tunable strategy enabled the batch synthesis of 32 pharmaceuticals and analogues by late-stage oxygenation in an atom- and step-efficient manner.
Sulfoxide and sulfone compounds, as well as selective synthesis method and application thereof
-
Paragraph 0045-0048; 0186-0189, (2019/12/02)
The invention discloses a method for selectively synthesizing a sulfoxide compound shown as a formula (II) and a sulfone compound shown as a formula (III). In a reaction solvent, thioether (I) is usedas a reaction raw material and oxygen as an oxidation reagent, under the catalytic action of visible light and a photosensitive reagent; under the assistance of an additive, when a large-polarity proton-containing additive such as an acid and an alcohol or a solvent or an additive with excellent electron donating ability is used, a sulfoxide compound (II) is selectively generated; and when a small-polarity aprotic additive or a solvent is used, a sulfone compound (III) is selectively generated. The synthesis method has the advantages of easily available and cheap raw materials, simple reaction operation, mild reaction conditions, high yield and excellent functional group tolerance. According to the invention, synthesis and modification of some medicines are realized, and an efficient method for selectively constructing sulfoxide and sulfone compounds is provided for medicinal chemistry research.
